Top-down oder Bottom-up? Die Reformierung der polnischen Berufsbildung im Kontext europäischer Berufsbildungspolitik
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Abstract
„Das Berufsbildungssystem in Polen hat eine lange Tradition. Durch viele, erst in den letzten Jahrzehnten durchlaufene Reformen – die jüngste Bildungsreform erfolgte 2017 – ist es durch hohe Dynamik, Reagibilität, Anpassungs- und Veränderungsfähigkeit gekennzeichnet. Vor dem Hintergrund der programmatischen Ziele und Desiderata der europäischen Berufsbildungspolitik hat es eine vergleichsweise gute Durchlässigkeit: Es offeriert jungen Polen viele Wege, die tertiäre Bildung auf meritokratischem Weg zu erreichen. Gleichwohl leidet die polnische Berufsbildung an einem im Vergleich zur akademischen Bildung negativen Image. Besonders problematisch sind die sehr niedrigen Lehrer/innen-Gehälter und die mangelnde Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Sozialpartnern. Sich verändernde Arbeitsmärkte und sozioökonomische Trends treiben die Reform der Berufsbildung kontinuierlich voran. Darüber hinaus hatte die Berufsbildungspolitik der EU erhebliche Auswirkungen auf das polnische Berufsbildungssystem. Polen trat 2004 der Europäischen Union bei und begann ab 2010 mit der Umsetzung der Europäischen Strategischen Zusammenarbeit (ET 2020). Im Jahr 2015 wurde im Rahmen des Integrierten Qualifikationssystems („Zintegrowany System Kwalifikacji”) der polnische Qualifikationsrahmen („Polska Rama Kwalifikacji”) gesetzlich eingeführt und 2016 das Integrierte Qualifikationsregister („Zintegrowany System Kwalifikacji”) eingerichtet, das u. a. die Vergabe von Berufsqualifikationen regelt. Diese Maßnahmen gehen auf Impulse der Europäischen Union zur (Berufs-)bildungspolitik zurück. Der Artikel analysiert EU-induzierte Maßnahmen – Initiativen und Instrumente – innerhalb des polnischen Berufsbildungssystems. In der Conclusio wird die Frage nach der Zukunftsfähigkeit der polnischen Berufsbildung in einem offenen Europa gestellt.“ (Autorenreferat; BIBB-Doku)
“The TVET system in Poland has a long tradition. While taking into account many reforms, which took place in the last decades, and the most recent one in 2017, it can be characterized by a high degree of dynamism, responsiveness, adaptability and capacity for change. Given the programmatic goals and desired achievements of the European TVET policy, the social permeability of the Polish TVET and higher education is worth highlighting, since it offers many pathways for learners to reach the tertiary education in a meritocratic manner. On the other hand, the Polish TVET system suffers from an image that needs improvement, relatively low teacher salaries and still unsatisfactory cooperation between the stakeholders. The changing labor markets and socioeconomic trends are a continuously driving adaptation and reform. Additionally, the EU’s TVET policy had considerable impact on the Polish TVET system. Poland joined the European Union in 2004 and from 2010 onwards, it started working on the implementation of the European policy cooperation (ET 2020). In 2015, the Polish Qualifications Framework (“Polska Rama Kwalifikacji”) was legally introduced within the Integrated Qualifications System (“Zintegrowany System Kwalifikacji”) and in 2016, the Integrated Qualifications Register (“Zintegrowany Rejestr Kwalifikacji”) was established, whereby both instruments organize the awarding of professional qualifications in Poland. These measures, among others, have been initiated through strong European Union´s impulses. The following article will critically analyze these EU induced measures within the TVET system and reflect on their relation to the TVET system in Poland in the context of the recent educational reform. The Conclusions will present the question of the future of the Polish TVET in open Europe.” (authors’ abstract; BIBB-Doku)
“The TVET system in Poland has a long tradition. While taking into account many reforms, which took place in the last decades, and the most recent one in 2017, it can be characterized by a high degree of dynamism, responsiveness, adaptability and capacity for change. Given the programmatic goals and desired achievements of the European TVET policy, the social permeability of the Polish TVET and higher education is worth highlighting, since it offers many pathways for learners to reach the tertiary education in a meritocratic manner. On the other hand, the Polish TVET system suffers from an image that needs improvement, relatively low teacher salaries and still unsatisfactory cooperation between the stakeholders. The changing labor markets and socioeconomic trends are a continuously driving adaptation and reform. Additionally, the EU’s TVET policy had considerable impact on the Polish TVET system. Poland joined the European Union in 2004 and from 2010 onwards, it started working on the implementation of the European policy cooperation (ET 2020). In 2015, the Polish Qualifications Framework (“Polska Rama Kwalifikacji”) was legally introduced within the Integrated Qualifications System (“Zintegrowany System Kwalifikacji”) and in 2016, the Integrated Qualifications Register (“Zintegrowany Rejestr Kwalifikacji”) was established, whereby both instruments organize the awarding of professional qualifications in Poland. These measures, among others, have been initiated through strong European Union´s impulses. The following article will critically analyze these EU induced measures within the TVET system and reflect on their relation to the TVET system in Poland in the context of the recent educational reform. The Conclusions will present the question of the future of the Polish TVET in open Europe.” (authors’ abstract; BIBB-Doku)
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