Internationalisierung der Pflege – Pflegekräfte mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit und ihr Beitrag zur Fachkräftesicherung
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Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung
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Abstract
„Arbeitskräfte sind in der Alten- und Krankenpflege sowie in anderen Bereichen des Arbeitsmarktes knapp. Die Engpassanalyse der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) zeigt für alle ausgewählten Pflegefachberufe stark überdurchschnittliche Besetzungsdauern. Aber auch die Vakanzen für Pflegehelfer*innen haben sich zuletzt deutlich erhöht. In der Pflege arbeiten mittlerweile vermehrt Personen aus Ländern außerhalb der EU. Viele Pflegebeschäftigte kommen dabei aus Ländern, in denen aktiv Pflegekräfte angeworben werden, sowie aus europäischen Nicht-EU-Ländern. In der Krankenpflege ist der Anteil der Fachkräfte vor allem bei Beschäftigten aus den westeuropäischen EU-Ländern hoch. Unter den Altenpflegekräften sind vor allem Personen aus den Pflegeanwerbeländern als Fachkräfte beschäftigt. Pflegekräfte aus den westeuropäischen EU-Ländern erzielen im Vergleich die höchsten Entgelte. Unter den Pflegekräften mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit befinden sich mittlerweile deutlich mehr ältere als jüngere Beschäftige. Erstere erreichen in den nächsten Jahren das Rentenalter oder sind bereits ausgeschieden. Ausländische Pflegekräfte federn diesen demografisch bedingten Rückgang der deutschen Beschäftigten maßgeblich ab und tragen dazu bei, dass der Arbeitskräftemangel nicht noch größer ausfällt. Die regionale Bedeutung von ausländischen Pflegekräften ist von Kreis zu Kreis unterschiedlich. In Ostdeutschland sind ausländische Pflegekräfte, außer in Berlin und Umgebung, fast überall unterrepräsentiert. Ausländische Krankenpflegekräfte konzentrieren sich in den westlichen Bundesländern häufig auf Metropolregionen, Altenpflegekräfte sind hingegen regional gleichmäßiger verteilt.“ (Autorenreferat; BIBB-Doku)
"The health and care sector is one of the employment areas that has grown particularly strongly in recent years. In view of the acute need for workers in the nursing professions, it is particularly important that foreign employees have been making a significant contribution to meeting the personnel requirements in the nursing professions for several years. Our study provides an overview of the development of foreign employees in the nursing professions - differentiated by nationality (EU and third countries) and the level of requirements of the job. With the further development of the Skilled Immigration Act (2023), legal changes to the labor migration of people from third countries came into force in Germany from November 2023. In Germany, however, a formal recognition process to check the equivalence of the foreign professional qualification is still necessary for nursing staff, as for other regulated professions (Bushanska et al. 2023: 19). More and more people from countries outside the EU are now working in nursing, with many nursing employees having nationality from the nursing recruitment countries (including Bosnia Herzegovina, the Philippines, Vietnam) and European countries outside the EU (Turkey, Serbia, Albania). In nursing, the proportion of skilled workers is high, especially among employees from the Western European EU countries (EU-14 countries2 ). Among geriatric nurses, people from the nursing recruitment countries and Turkey in particular are relatively frequently employed as skilled workers. The job market in the nursing sector is still dominated by women and part-time workers. 82 percent of employees are female and a good half of nursing staff work part-time (part-time rate of employees overall: 30 %). The wages of employees in geriatric nursing are still significantly lower than those of nursing staff.“ (authors‘ abstract, BIBB-Doku)
"The health and care sector is one of the employment areas that has grown particularly strongly in recent years. In view of the acute need for workers in the nursing professions, it is particularly important that foreign employees have been making a significant contribution to meeting the personnel requirements in the nursing professions for several years. Our study provides an overview of the development of foreign employees in the nursing professions - differentiated by nationality (EU and third countries) and the level of requirements of the job. With the further development of the Skilled Immigration Act (2023), legal changes to the labor migration of people from third countries came into force in Germany from November 2023. In Germany, however, a formal recognition process to check the equivalence of the foreign professional qualification is still necessary for nursing staff, as for other regulated professions (Bushanska et al. 2023: 19). More and more people from countries outside the EU are now working in nursing, with many nursing employees having nationality from the nursing recruitment countries (including Bosnia Herzegovina, the Philippines, Vietnam) and European countries outside the EU (Turkey, Serbia, Albania). In nursing, the proportion of skilled workers is high, especially among employees from the Western European EU countries (EU-14 countries2 ). Among geriatric nurses, people from the nursing recruitment countries and Turkey in particular are relatively frequently employed as skilled workers. The job market in the nursing sector is still dominated by women and part-time workers. 82 percent of employees are female and a good half of nursing staff work part-time (part-time rate of employees overall: 30 %). The wages of employees in geriatric nursing are still significantly lower than those of nursing staff.“ (authors‘ abstract, BIBB-Doku)
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